After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. What Is Inflammation? Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006).

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