https://doi.org/10.15027/36895, Wagovich, S., & Anderson, J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2007.02.002, Murphy, W. P., Yaruss, J. S., & Quesal, R. W. (2007b). The presence of at least 1 disabling developmental condition was 5.5 times higher in CWS [children who stutter] when compared to children who do not stutter (Briley & Ellis, 2018, p. 2895). In H. H. Gregory, J. H. Campbell, C. B. Gregory, & D. G. Hill (Eds. We propose that researchers and clinicians either discontinue using the terms typical and atypical or provide the reference group to which the terms apply (eg, men versus women). The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(7), 939947. 178196). Format refers to the manner in which a client receives treatmentindividually, as part of a group, or both. 9099). When a bilingual clinician is not available, using an interpreter is a viable option. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 34(4), 368381. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 43, 1727. The lowest prevalence rates of stuttering were reported in adults aged 2150 years (0.78%) and adults aged 51 years or older (0.37%; Craig et al., 2002). Preschool children who stutter showed differences in event-related brain potentials used as indices of language processing. Board Certified Specialists in Fluency are individuals who hold ASHA certification and have demonstrated advanced knowledge and clinical expertise in diagnosing and treating individuals with fluency disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(97)00009-0, Yaruss, J. S. (2007). Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33(2), 8198. Long-term consequences of childhood bullying in adults who stutter: Social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life. Finding the good in the challenge: Benefit finding among adults who stutter. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(02)00162-6, Singer, C. M., Hessling, A., Kelly, E. M., Singer, L., & Jones, R. M. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0371, Leech, K. A., Bernstein Ratner, N., Brown, B., & Weber, C. M. (2019). Oral reading may not be a valid measure of reading fluency for children who stutter, as fluency breakdowns will slow reading rate. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0202.65. Individuals who stutter may report fear or anxiety about speaking and frustration or embarrassment with the time and effort required to speak (Ezrati-Vinacour et al., 2001). https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/07-0111), Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (2005). American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 27(3S), 11391151. Prevalence of cluttering in two European countries: A pilot study.