The manifest analysis deals with the content aspect and describes the visible, obvious components (Downe-Wamboldt, Citation1992; Kondracki et al., Citation2002), whereas the latent analysis deals with underlying meanings of the text (Downe-Wamboldt, Citation1992; Kondracki & Wellman, Citation2002). In some of the underlying reviews, this is explicitly discussed (see Appendix C1 Differences in teachers), but it is also a conclusion we draw on the basis of overview finding 1; since the effect of different methods is undoubtedly moderated by differences at the student level, the teachers ability to adapt and balance the use of a particular method is crucial. The weaknesses of lectures are: May not be as effective for higher order thinking. The teacher in a Socratic dialogue essentially denies his or her own knowledge of a subject in order to lead the student to the correct idea or answer. In line with other researchers above referred to, we want to underline the importance of viewing validity as a multidimensional concept including both internal, external, and ecological aspects. There are a lot of different methods of conducting research, and each comes with its own set of strengths and weaknesses. So the method may fail (1) because the interlocutor is not motivated to go through or to internalize the process. Failure to do this can alienate the class both from each other and from the instructor. Before the analysis specific to the present study could be carried out, extensive basic work had already been done, where the research group as a first step identified the 75 most cited research reviews on teaching methods listed in the WoS between 1980 and 2017 (25 from 1980 to 1999, 25 from 2000 to 2009, and 25 from 2010 to 2017). For this reason, studies are conducted on science teaching at the primary school level. A number of reviews problematise the fact that research on teaching methods is not carried out in actual classrooms. Online learning has its most promising potential in the high synergy represented by active dialog among the participants, one of the most important sources of learning in a Virtual Classroom.

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