Cyclopaedia contains an enormous amount of information about the science and technology of the first half of the Industrial Revolution, very well illustrated by fine engravings. India produced a variety of cotton cloth, some of exceptionally fine quality. p. 2. [40] In 1787 raw cotton consumption was 22million pounds, most of which was cleaned, carded, and spun on machines. The government built railroads, improved roads, and inaugurated a land reform program to prepare the country for further development. [129] In addition to goods being sold in the growing number of stores, street sellers were common in an increasingly urbanized country. It brought about thorough and lasting transformations, not just in business and economics but in the basic structures of society. [274] Mary Shelley's Frankenstein reflected concerns that scientific progress might be two-edged. Industrial Revolution - Wikipedia The Cotton Industry and the Industrial Revolution Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870, springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution. This advancement allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without interruption, thus freeing up the space planning in interiors as well as the fenestration of buildings. The roller spacing was slightly longer than the fibre length. The process began in Britain, where the Industrial Revolution was largely confined from the 1760s to the 1830s. The manufactured gas industry began in British cities in 18121820. [37]:166 Hall's process also used iron scale or rust which reacted with carbon in the molten iron. [236], Historians such as David Landes and sociologists Max Weber and Rodney Stark credit the different belief systems in Asia and Europe with dictating where the revolution occurred. It was also applied to iron foundry work in the 1690s, but in this case the reverberatory furnace was known as an air furnace. The first industrial exhibition was on the occasion of the coronation of Leopold II as a king of Bohemia, which took place in Clementinum, and therefore celebrated the considerable sophistication of manufacturing methods in the Czech lands during that time period. By 1809, part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called 'Miniature England' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of Britain. The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[2]:40 and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested. Most European governments provided state funding to the new industries. Following the discovery of a trade route to India around southern Africa by the Portuguese, the British founded the East India Company, along with smaller companies of different nationalities which established trading posts and employed agents to engage in trade throughout the Indian Ocean region. Women suffered greatly during this period. However, some stages were identified by Maurice Lvy-Leboyer: Based on its leadership in chemical research in the universities and industrial laboratories, Germany, which was unified in 1871, became dominant in the world's chemical industry in the late 19th century.

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