The studies included a total of 91,074 healthy adults (average age 62 years) taking the MVs or MVMs for an average of 43 months, and the investigators reported 8,794 deaths. Excess nutrient intakes are even more likely among MVM users who also take single vitamin and mineral supplements [15]. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that pregnant people take a daily "prenatal vitamin" [56]. Multivitamin-mineral use is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease mortality among women in the United States. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2022;1-12. Pregnancy and birth outcomes U.S. sales of all dietary supplements totaled an estimated $55.7 billion in 2020, including $21.2 billion for all supplements containing vitamins, minerals, or both, of which $8.0 billion was for MVMs and MVs [4]. [, Bailey RL, Pac SG, Fulgoni III VL, Reidy KC, Catalano PM. Vitamins are not sources of energy as are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. [, Prentice RL. mechanism of action of multivitamins and minerals. Topically applied minoxidil is generally well tolerated, but common side effects include itching of the eye, itching, irritation at the treated area, and unwanted hair growth elsewhere on the body. However, the supplement users had a 14% lower risk of undergoing cardiac revascularization (coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting). Overall, MVMs do not appear to reliably reduce the risk of chronic diseases when people choose to take these products for up to a decade (or more) or when studies randomize people to take them as part of a clinical trial. MVMs and Use of Supplements Containing Individual Nutrients Found in MVMs However, when a deficiency of one of these vitamins or minerals does occur, symptoms can be seen throughout the body because of their relationship to energy metabolism, which happens in all cells of the body. View in Scopus Google . Participants completed standardized cognitive tests administered over the telephone at baseline and annually for 3 years. [, Sesso HD, Rist PM, Aragaki AK, Rautiainen S, Johnson LG, Friedenberg G, et al. Multiple-micronutrient supplement for women during pregnancy (review). Multivitamins, vision are an over-the-counter (OTC) product used to reduce the risk of vision loss among moderate to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients and as an ocular (eye) vitamin supplement. Participants who took the MVM did not have fewer major cardiovascular events, myocardial infarctions, strokes, or cardiovascular-related deaths than nonusers [38]. Multivitamin and iron may also be used for . Theres no standard or regulatory definition for MVMs, or any dietary supplement, as to what nutrients they must contain or at what levels. MVM use is also more common among the children of women who take supplements; older adults; individuals with more education, a higher income, a healthier lifestyle and diet, and lower body-mass index (BMI); and residents of the western United States [1,2]. All results were adjusted to exclude potential confounders, such as the use of single vitamin or mineral supplements. Based on this review, the USPSTF concluded there was insufficient evidence to determine "the balance of benefits and harms" in taking MVMs to prevent CVD or cancer [50].

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